Books cited




  • Carter, K. Codell; Barbara R. Carter (2005). Childbed fever. A scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-0467-7.
  • Carter, K. Codell (2012). The Decline of Therapeutic Bloodletting and the Collapse of Traditional Medicine. New Brunswick & London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4604-2.
  • Kang, Lydia; Nate Pederson (2017). Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything. Workman Publishing Company.ISBN missing

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Use through the 19th century

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Even after the humoral system fell into disuse, the practice was continued by surgeons and barber-surgeons. Though the bloodletting was often recommended by physicians, it was carried out by barbers. This led to the distinction between physicians and surgeons. The red-and-white-striped pole of the barbershop, still in use today, is derived from this practice: the red symbolizes blood while the white symbolizes the bandages. Bloodletting was used to "treat" a wide range of diseases, becoming a standard treatment for almost every ailment, and was practiced prophylactically as well as therapeutically. A number of different methods were employed. The most common was phlebotomy , or venesection (often called "breathing a vein"), in which blood was drawn from one or more of the larger external veins, such as those in the forearm or neck. In arteriotomy , an artery was punctured, although generally only in the temples. In scarification (not to be confused with scarifica...
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In the ancient world

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Passages from the Ebers Papyrus may indicate that bloodletting by scarification was an accepted practice in Ancient Egypt. Egyptian burials have been reported to contain bloodletting instruments. According to some accounts, the Egyptians based the idea on their observations of the Hippopotamus, confusing its red sweat with blood, and believing that it scratched itself to relieve distress. In Greece, bloodletting was in use in the fifth century BC during the lifetime of Hippocrates, who mentions this practice but generally relied on dietary techniques. Erasistratus, however, theorized that many diseases were caused by plethoras, or overabundances, in the blood and advised that these plethoras be treated, initially, by exercise, sweating, reduced food intake, and vomiting. Herophilus advocated bloodletting. Archagathus, one of the first Greek physicians to practice in Rome, also believed in the value of bloodletting. "Bleeding" a patient to health was modeled on the process o...
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7) Republic Day 2021: Parade timing security arrangements traffic constraints to Delhi Metro companies - All you need to know

India Republic Day -- Republic Day 2021 Parade Program Chief Guest Security Preparations: The parade normally considers thousands of people and foreign dignitaries invited to see the parade. But the number of guests and guests has been restricted due to the coronavirus pandemic this time. Republic Time 2021 Parade Timings Key Guest Delhi Metro Providers: India will celebrate their 72nd Republic Day about January 26. This day is marked to celebrate the time on which the Constitution connected with India came into being in 1950. On this day the Republic Day parade takes place to show off the military might and also the rich cultural heritage in the country. The parade usually sees thousands of people and foreign dignitaries invited to see the parade. However the number of guests and attendees has been restricted due to coronavirus pandemic this time. This current year there will be no chief invitees or foreign dignitaries about Republic Day. The number of spectators has also been brou...
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